PSG has now won the prestigious trophy on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic equaliser followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the French Cup winners after the French winger opened the net in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille fired twice in the closing moments to take a shock lead. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital leveler in the dying seconds to force the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, saving crucial attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for PSG to complete a convincing shootout win.
Now 14-time champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the last 13 years.